181 lines
3.9 KiB
TeX
Executable File
181 lines
3.9 KiB
TeX
Executable File
\section{Groups (review)}
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\definition{}
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Before we continue, we must introduce a bit of notation:
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\begin{itemize}
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\item $S_n$ is the set of permutations on $n$ objects.
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\item $\mathbb{Z}_n$ is the set of integers mod $n$.
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\item $\mathbb{Z}_n^\times$ is the set of integers mod $n$ with multiplicative inverses, which is \par
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the set of integers smaller than $n$ and coprime to $n$\footnotemark{}\hspace{-1ex}. \par
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For example, $\mathbb{Z}_{12}^\times = \{1, 5, 7, 11\}$.
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\footnotetext{We proved this in another handout, but you make take it as fact here.}
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\end{itemize}
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\problem{}
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What are the elements of $S_3$? \tab\hint{Use cycle notation}\par
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How about $\mathbb{Z}_{17}^\times$?
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\vfill
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\definition{}
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A \textit{group} $(G, \ast)$ consists of a set $G$ and an operator $\ast$. \par
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Groups always have the following properties:
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\begin{enumerate}
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\item $G$ is closed under $\ast$. In other words, $a, b \in G \implies a \ast b \in G$.
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\item $\ast$ is associative: $(a \ast b) \ast c = a \ast (b \ast c)$ for all $a,b,c \in G$
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\item There is an \textit{identity} $e \in G$, so that $a \ast e = a \ast e = a$ for all $a \in G$.
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\item For any $a \in G$, there exists a $b \in G$ so that $a \ast b = b \ast a = e$. $b$ is called the \textit{inverse} of $a$. \par
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This element is written as $-a$ if our operator is addition and $a^{-1}$ otherwise.
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\end{enumerate}
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Any pair $(G, \ast)$ that satisfies these properties is a group.
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\problem{}
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Is $(\mathbb{Z}_5, +)$ a group? \par
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Is $(\mathbb{Z}_5, -)$ a group? \par
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\note[Note]{$+$ and $-$ refer to the usual operations in modular arithmetic.}
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\vfill
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\problem{}
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What is the smallest group?
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\begin{solution}
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Let $(G, \star)$ be our group, where $G = \{x\}$ and $\star$ is defined by $x \star x = x$
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Verifying that the trivial group is a group is trivial.
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\end{solution}
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\vfill
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\pagebreak
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\problem{}
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Show that $S_n$ is a group under composition.
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\vfill
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\problem{}
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Let $(G, \ast)$ be a group with finitely many elements, and let $a \in G$. \par
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Show that $\exists n \in \mathbb{Z}^+$ so that $a^n = e$ \par
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\hint{$a^n = a \ast a \ast ... \ast a$ repeated $n$ times.}
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\vspace{2mm}
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The smallest such $n$ defines the \textit{order} of $g$.
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\begin{examplesolution}
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We've already done a special case of this problem! \par
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Look back through the handout and find it, then rewrite your proof for an arbitrary group.
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\end{examplesolution}
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\vfill
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\problem{}
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What is the order of 5 in $(\mathbb{Z}_{25}, +)$? \par
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What is the order of 2 in $(\mathbb{Z}_{17}^\times, \times)$? \par
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\vfill
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\pagebreak
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\definition{}<gendef>
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Let $G$ be a group, and let $g$ be an element of $G$. \par
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We say $g$ is a \textit{generator} if every other element of $G$ may be written as a power of $g$. \par
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\problem{}
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Say the size of a group $G$ is $n$. \par
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If $g$ is a generator, what is its order? \par
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Provide a proof.
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\begin{solution}
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The order of a generator must equal the order of its group.
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\end{solution}
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\vfill
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\problem{}
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Find the only generator of $(\mathbb{Z}^+, +)$ \par
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Then, find all generators of $(\mathbb{Z}_5, +)$
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\vfill
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\pagebreak
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\definition{}
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Let $S$ be a subset of the elements in $G$. \par
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We say that $S$ \textit{generates} $G$ if every element of $G$ may be written as a product of elements in $S$. \par
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\note{Note that this is an extension of \ref{gendef}.}
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\problem{}
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We've already found a few generating sets of $S_n$. What are they?
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\begin{solution}
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The following sets generate $S_n$:
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\begin{itemize}
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\item All transpositions
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\item All transpositions of the form $(1, k)$
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\item All adjacent transpositions
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\end{itemize}
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\vspace{2mm}
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The smallest generating set of $S_n$ consists of the transposition $(12)$ and the $n$-cycle $(1,2,...,n)$. \par
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The proof of this is a bonus problem later in the handout.
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\end{solution}
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\vfill
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\problem{}
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Find the smallest set that generates $(\mathbb{Z}^+, +)$. \par
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\vfill
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\problem{}
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Find the smallest set that generates $(\mathbb{Z}, +)$. \par
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\vfill
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\pagebreak
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