<html><head><meta name="color-scheme" content="light dark"></head><body><pre style="word-wrap: break-word; white-space: pre-wrap;">\section{Equivalence}

\generic{Notation:}
Let $S$ be a structure and $\varphi$ a formula. \par
If $\varphi$ is true in $S$, we write $S \models \varphi$. \par
This is read \say{$S$ satisfies $\varphi$}

\definition{}
Let $S$ and $T$ be structures. \par
We say $S$ and $T$ are \textit{equivalent} (and write $S \equiv T$) if for any formula $\varphi$, $S \models \varphi \Longleftrightarrow T \models \varphi$. \par
If $S$ and $T$ are not equivalent, we write $S \not\equiv T$.

\problem{}
Show that $
	\Bigl(\mathbb{Z} ~\big|~ \{ +, 0 \}\Bigr)
	\not\equiv
	\Bigl(\mathbb{R} ~\big|~ \{ +, 0 \}\Bigr)
$
\vfill

\problem{}
Show that $
	\Bigl(\mathbb{Z} ~\big|~ \{ +, 0 \}\Bigr)
	\not\equiv
	\Bigl(\mathbb{N} ~\big|~ \{ +, 0 \}\Bigr)
$
\vfill

\problem{}
Show that $
	\Bigl(\mathbb{R} ~\big|~ \{ +, 0 \}\Bigr)
	\not\equiv
	\Bigl(\mathbb{N} ~\big|~ \{ +, 0 \}\Bigr)
$
\vfill

\problem{}
Show that $
	\Bigl(\mathbb{R} ~\big|~ \{ +, 0 \}\Bigr)
	\not\equiv
	\Bigl(\mathbb{Z}^2 ~\big|~ \{ +, 0 \}\Bigr)
$
\vfill

\problem{}
Show that $
	\Bigl(\mathbb{Z} ~\big|~ \{ +, 0 \}\Bigr)
	\not\equiv
	\Bigl(\mathbb{Z}^2 ~\big|~ \{ +, 0 \}\Bigr)
$

\begin{solution}
	All of the above are easy, but the last one can take a while. \par
	The trick is to notice that $\mathbb{Z}$ has two equivalence classes mod 2, while $\mathbb{Z}^2$ has four.
\end{solution}

\vfill</pre></body></html>