diff --git a/Advanced/Intro to Proofs/main.tex b/Advanced/Intro to Proofs/main.tex index 4ce45b1..7096522 100755 --- a/Advanced/Intro to Proofs/main.tex +++ b/Advanced/Intro to Proofs/main.tex @@ -1,7 +1,7 @@ % use [nosolutions] flag to hide solutions. % use [solutions] flag to show solutions. \documentclass[ - solutions, + nosolutions, singlenumbering ]{../../resources/ormc_handout} \usepackage{../../resources/macros} @@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ \maketitle - + \section{} \problem{} We say an integer $x$ is \textit{even} if $x = 2k$ for some $k \in \mathbb{Z}$. @@ -79,7 +79,7 @@ \problem{} - Let $X = \{x \in \mathbb{Z} ~\bigl|~ n \geq 2 \}$. For $k \geq 2$, degine $X_k = \{kx ~\bigl|~ x \in X \}$. \par + Let $X = \{x \in \mathbb{Z} ~\bigl|~ x \geq 2 \}$. For $k \geq 2$, define $X_k = \{kx ~\bigl|~ x \in X \}$. \par What is $X - (X_2 \cup X_3 \cup X_4 \cup ...)$? Prove your claim. \vfill @@ -91,8 +91,6 @@ - - \problem{} Show that there are infinitely may primes. \par You may use the fact that every integer has a prime factorization. @@ -185,12 +183,14 @@ + \theorem{The Division Algorithm} + Given two integers $a, b$, we can find two integers $q, r$, where $0 \leq r < b$ and $a = qb + r$. \par + In other words, we can divide $a$ by $b$ to get $q$ remainder $r$. \problem{} Let $x, y \in \mathbb{N}$ be natural numbers. - Consider the set $S = \{ax + by ~\bigl|~ a, b \in \mathbb{Z}, ax + by = 0\}$. \par + Consider the set $S = \{ax + by ~\bigl|~ a, b \in \mathbb{Z}, ax + by > 0\}$. \par The well-ordering principle states that every nonempty subset of the natural numbers has a least element. - You many also need the division algorithm. \vspace{4mm} \begin{itemize}[itemsep=4mm] @@ -252,7 +252,7 @@ $$ (a + b)^N = \sum_{k=0}^N \binom{N}{k}a^kb^{N-k} $$ - Now, show that this formula also works for $N = N + 1$. + Now, show that this formula also works for $N + 1$. \item Conclude that this formula works for all $a, b \in \mathbb{R}$ and $n \in \mathbb{Z}^+$\hspace{-0.5ex}. \end{itemize} @@ -284,4 +284,57 @@ \vfill \pagebreak + \problem{} + Show that there exist two positive irrational numbers $a$ and $b$ so that $a^b$ is rational. + + % Solution: a = b = root 2, check all cases + % if irrational,a=rt, s = rt^rt, which is rational + + \vfill + + \problem{} + Show that the following holds for any planar graph: + $$ + \text{vertices} - \text{edges} + \text{faces} = 2 + $$ + \hint{If you don't know what these words mean, ask an instructor.} + + + \vfill + \pagebreak + + \problem{} + Consider a rectangular chocolate bar of arbitrary size. \par + What is the minimum number of breaks you need to make to + seperate all its pieces? + + \begin{solution} + number of squares minus one, simple proof by induction. + \end{solution} + + \vfill + + \problem{} + Four travellers are on a plane, each moving along a straight line at an arbitrary constant speed. \par + No two of their paths are parallel, and no three intersect at the same point. \par + We know that traveller A has met traveler B, C, and D, and that B has met C and D (and A). \par + Show that C and D must also have met. + + \begin{solution} + When a body travels at a constant speed, its graph with respect to time is a straight line. \par + So, we add time axis in the third dimension, perpendicular to our plane. \par + Naturally, the projection of each of these onto the plane corresponds to a road. + + Now, note that two intersecting lines define a plane and use the conditions in the problem to show that no two lines are parallel. + \end{solution} + + + \vfill + + + \problem{} + Say we have an $n$-gon with non-intersecting edges. \par + What is the size of the smallet set of vertices that can \say{see} every point inside the polygon? + \vfill + \pagebreak \end{document} \ No newline at end of file