diff --git a/Advanced/Definable Sets/parts/0 logic.tex b/Advanced/Definable Sets/parts/0 logic.tex index 6180aca..6546efc 100644 --- a/Advanced/Definable Sets/parts/0 logic.tex +++ b/Advanced/Definable Sets/parts/0 logic.tex @@ -60,7 +60,7 @@ The function of these is defined by \textit{truth tables}: \vspace{2mm} -$A \land B$ is only true if both $A$ and $B$ are true. $A \lor B$ is only true if $A$ or $B$ (or both) are true. \par +$A \land B$ is only true if both $A$ and $B$ are true. $A \lor B$ is true when $A$ or $B$ (or both) are true. \par $\lnot A$ is the opposite of $A$, which is why it looks like a \say{negative} sign. \par \vspace{2mm} @@ -92,6 +92,7 @@ Evaluate the following. \problem{} Show that $\lnot (A \rightarrow \lnot B)$ is equivalent to $A \land B$. \par +That is, show that these give the same result for the same $A$ and $B$. \hint{Use a truth table} \vfill diff --git a/Advanced/Definable Sets/parts/1 structures.tex b/Advanced/Definable Sets/parts/1 structures.tex index 7e8d71e..1c84f35 100644 --- a/Advanced/Definable Sets/parts/1 structures.tex +++ b/Advanced/Definable Sets/parts/1 structures.tex @@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ A \textit{universe} is a set of meaningless objects. Here are a few examples: \end{itemize} \definition{} -A \textit{structure} consists of a universe $U$ and set of symbols. \par +A \textit{structure} consists of a universe $U$ and a set of symbols. \par A structure's symbols give meaning to the objects in its universe. \vspace{2mm} @@ -35,8 +35,6 @@ The equality check $=$ is \textbf{not} a relation symbol. It is included in ever \example{} -\def\structgeneric{\ensuremath{}} - The first structure we'll look at is the following: $$ \Bigl( \mathbb{Z} ~\big|~ \{0, 1, +, -, <\} \Bigr) diff --git a/Advanced/Definable Sets/parts/2 quantifiers.tex b/Advanced/Definable Sets/parts/2 quantifiers.tex index f934cdc..0bee529 100644 --- a/Advanced/Definable Sets/parts/2 quantifiers.tex +++ b/Advanced/Definable Sets/parts/2 quantifiers.tex @@ -8,8 +8,8 @@ $\forall$ and $\exists$ are \textit{quantifiers}. They allow us to make statemen \vspace{2mm} -Let's look at $\forall$ first. Let $\varphi$ be a formula. \par -Then, the formula $\forall x ~ \varphi$ says \say{$\varphi$ is true for all possible $x$.} +Let's look at $\forall$ first. Let $\varphi(x)$ be a formula. \par +Then, the formula $\forall x ~ \varphi(x)$ says \say{$\varphi$ is true for all possible $x$.} \vspace{1mm} @@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ In english, this means \say{For any $x$, $x$ is bigger than zero,} or simply \sa \vspace{3mm} -$\exists$ is very similar: the formula $\exists x ~ \varphi$ states that there is at least one $x$ that makes $\varphi$ true. \par +$\exists$ is very similar: the formula $\exists x ~ \varphi(x)$ states that there is at least one $x$ that makes $\varphi$ true. \par For example, $\exists ~ (0 < x)$ means \say{there is a positive number in our set}. \vspace{4mm} @@ -58,6 +58,12 @@ Which are true in $\mathbb{R}^+_0$? \par \vfill \pagebreak +\problem{} +Does the order of $\forall$ and $\exists$ in a formula matter? \par +What's the difference between $\exists x ~ \forall y ~ (x < y)$ and $\forall y ~ \exists x ~ (x < y)$? \par +\hint{In $\mathbb{R}^+$, the first is false and the second is true. $\mathbb{R}^+$ does not contain zero.} + +\vfill \problem{} Define 0 in $\Bigl( \mathbb{Z} ~\big|~ \{\times\} \Bigr)$ @@ -71,6 +77,7 @@ Define 1 in $\Bigl( \mathbb{Z} ~\big|~ \{\times\} \Bigr)$ \vfill +\pagebreak \problem{} @@ -78,13 +85,10 @@ Define $-1$ in $\Bigl( \mathbb{Z} ~\big|~ \{0, <\} \Bigr)$ \vfill -\problem{} -Define $3$ in $\Bigl( \mathbb{Z} ~\big|~ \{0, <\} \Bigr)$ +%\problem{} +%Define $2$ in $\Bigl( \mathbb{Z} ~\big|~ \{0, <\} \Bigr)$ - - -\vfill -\pagebreak +%\vfill \problem{} Let $\varphi(x)$ be a formula. \par @@ -94,12 +98,5 @@ Define $(\forall x ~ \varphi(x))$ using logical symbols and $\exists$. $\Bigl(\forall x ~ \varphi(x)\Bigr)$ is true iff $\lnot \Bigl(\exists x ~ \lnot \varphi(x) \Bigr)$ is true. \end{solution} -\vfill - -\problem{} -Does the order of $\forall$ and $\exists$ in a formula matter? \par -What's the difference between $\exists x ~ \forall y ~ (x < y)$ and $\forall y ~ \exists x ~ (x < y)$? \par -\hint{In $\mathbb{R}^+$, the first is false and the second is true. $\mathbb{R}^+$ does not contain zero.} - \vfill \pagebreak \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/Advanced/Definable Sets/parts/3 sets.tex b/Advanced/Definable Sets/parts/3 sets.tex index 51c0eb4..dc83250 100644 --- a/Advanced/Definable Sets/parts/3 sets.tex +++ b/Advanced/Definable Sets/parts/3 sets.tex @@ -39,12 +39,12 @@ Define the set of prime numbers in $\Bigl( \mathbb{Z} ~\big|~ \{\times, \div, <\ \problem{} -Define $\{0\}$ in $\Bigl( \mathbb{Z}^+_0 ~\big|~ \{>\} \Bigr)$ +Define $\{0\}$ in $\Bigl( \mathbb{Z}^+_0 ~\big|~ \{<\} \Bigr)$ \vfill \problem{} -Define $\{1\}$ in $\Bigl( \mathbb{Z}^+_0 ~\big|~ \{>\} \Bigr)$ +Define $\{1\}$ in $\Bigl( \mathbb{Z}^+_0 ~\big|~ \{<\} \Bigr)$ \vfill \pagebreak