diff --git a/Advanced/Nonstandard Analysis/parts/1 extensions.tex b/Advanced/Nonstandard Analysis/parts/1 extensions.tex index 8f8933c..84dfbac 100644 --- a/Advanced/Nonstandard Analysis/parts/1 extensions.tex +++ b/Advanced/Nonstandard Analysis/parts/1 extensions.tex @@ -116,7 +116,7 @@ Then, show that a negative $\delta$ is infinitesimal if and only if it is bigger Prove the following statements: \par \begin{itemize} \item If $\delta$ and $\varepsilon$ are infinitesimal, then $\delta + \varepsilon$ is infinitesimal. - \item If $\delta$ is infinitesimal and $x$ is limited, then $a\delta$ is infinitesimal. + \item If $\delta$ is infinitesimal and $x$ is limited, then $x\delta$ is infinitesimal. \item If $x$ and $y$ are limited, $xy$ and $x+y$ are too. \item A nonzero $\delta$ is infinitesimal iff $\delta^{-1}$ is unlimited. \end{itemize} @@ -126,9 +126,9 @@ Prove the following statements: \par \problem{} Let $\delta$ be a positive infinitesimal. Which is greater? \begin{itemize} - \item $\delta$ or $\delta^2$? - \item $(1 - \delta)$ or $(1 + \delta^2)^{-1!}$? - \item $\frac{1 + \delta}{1 + \delta^2}$ or $\frac{2 + \delta^2}{2 + \delta^3}$? \par + \item $\delta$ or $\delta^2$ + \item $(1 - \delta)$ or $(1 + \delta^2)^{-1!}$ + \item $\frac{1 + \delta}{1 + \delta^2}$ or $\frac{2 + \delta^2}{2 + \delta^3}$ \par \note[Note]{we define $\frac{1}{x}$ as $x^{-1}$, and thus $\frac{a}{b} = a \times b^{-1}$} \end{itemize} @@ -138,13 +138,13 @@ Let $\delta$ be a positive infinitesimal. Which is greater? \definition{} We say two elements of an ordered field are \textit{infinitely close} if $x - y$ is infinitesimal. \par -We say that $x_0 \in \mathbb{R}$ is a \textit{standard part} of $x$ if it is infinitely close to $x$. \par +We say that $x_0 \in \mathbb{R}$ is the \textit{standard part} of $x$ if it is infinitely close to $x$. \par \problem{} We will denote the standard part of $x$ as $\text{st}(x)$. \par Show that $\text{st}(x)$ is well-defined for limited $x$. \par -(In other words, Show that $x_0$ exists and is unique for limited $x$). \par -\hint{To prove existance, consider $\text{sup}(\{a \in \mathbb{R} ~|~ a < x\}$)} +(In other words, show that $x_0$ exists and is unique for limited $x$). \par +\hint{To prove existence, consider $\text{sup}(\{a \in \mathbb{R} ~|~ a < x\}$)} \vfill diff --git a/Advanced/Nonstandard Analysis/parts/2 dual.tex b/Advanced/Nonstandard Analysis/parts/2 dual.tex index 16d572e..bfce456 100644 --- a/Advanced/Nonstandard Analysis/parts/2 dual.tex +++ b/Advanced/Nonstandard Analysis/parts/2 dual.tex @@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ What is the derivative of $f(x) = x^n$? \vfill \problem{} -Say the derivatives of $f$ and $g$ are known. \par +Assume that the derivatives of $f$ and $g$ are known. \par Find the derivatives of $h(x) = f(x) + g(x)$ and $k(x) = f(x) \times g(x)$. \vfill @@ -101,7 +101,7 @@ Find the derivative of the following functions: \vfill \problem{} -Say the derivatives of $f$ and $g$ are known. \par +Assume that the derivatives of $f$ and $g$ are known. \par What is the derivative of $f(g(x))$? \vfill