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Mark 2023-12-09 18:17:22 -08:00
parent a5362a2eb9
commit 6a5e02a8ac
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GPG Key ID: C6D63995FE72FD80
27 changed files with 36 additions and 33 deletions

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@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ Using the two theorems above, detail an algorithm for finding $\gcd(a, b)$. \par
Then, compute $\gcd(1610, 207)$ by hand. \par Then, compute $\gcd(1610, 207)$ by hand. \par
\begin{solution} \begin{solution}
Using \ref{gcd_abc} and the division algorthm, Using \ref{gcd_abc} and the division algorithm,
% Minipage prevents column breaks inside body % Minipage prevents column breaks inside body
\begin{multicols}{2} \begin{multicols}{2}

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@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ Using the two theorems above, detail an algorithm for finding $\gcd(a, b)$. \par
Then, compute $\gcd(1610, 207)$ by hand. \par Then, compute $\gcd(1610, 207)$ by hand. \par
\begin{solution} \begin{solution}
Using \ref{gcd_abc} and the division algorthm, Using \ref{gcd_abc} and the division algorithm,
% Minipage prevents column breaks inside body % Minipage prevents column breaks inside body
\begin{multicols}{2} \begin{multicols}{2}

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@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ This is the \textit{discrete logarithm problem}, often abbreviated \textit{DLP}.
\problem{} \problem{}
Does the discrete log function even exist? \par Does the discrete log function even exist? \par
Show that $\exp$ is a bijection, which will guarantee the existence of $\log$. \par Show that $\exp$ is a bijection, which will guarantee the existence of $\log$. \par
\note[Note]{Why does this guarantee the existence of log? Recall our lesson on funtions.} \note[Note]{Why does this guarantee the existence of log? Recall our lesson on functions.}
\vfill \vfill

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@ -510,7 +510,7 @@ Draw a state diagram for a DFA over an alphabet of your choice that accepts exac
\end{tikzpicture} \end{tikzpicture}
\end{center} \end{center}
This automaton rejects all strings with three \texttt{'a'}s in a row. If we count accepted strings, we get the Tribonacci numbers with an offest: $f(0) = 1$, $f(1) = 2$, $f(2)=4$, ... \par This automaton rejects all strings with three \texttt{'a'}s in a row. If we count accepted strings, we get the Tribonacci numbers with an offset: $f(0) = 1$, $f(1) = 2$, $f(2)=4$, ... \par
\pagebreak \pagebreak

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@ -112,7 +112,7 @@ Define $\{-2, 2\}$ in $S$.
\problem{} \problem{}
Let $P$ be the set of all subsets of $\mathbb{Z}^+_0$. This is called a \textit{power set}. \par Let $P$ be the set of all subsets of $\mathbb{Z}^+_0$. This is called a \textit{power set}. \par
Let $S$ be the stucture $( P ~|~ \{\subseteq\})$ \par Let $S$ be the structure $( P ~|~ \{\subseteq\})$ \par
\problempart{} \problempart{}
Show that the empty set is definable in $S$. \par Show that the empty set is definable in $S$. \par

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@ -99,7 +99,7 @@ Show that if a sequence $a_n$ has a limit, that limit is unique. \par
Let $N = \max(N_A, N_B)$. \par Let $N = \max(N_A, N_B)$. \par
Then, $|a_n - A| + |a_n - B| < 2\epsilon\ \forall n > N$, \par Then, $|a_n - A| + |a_n - B| < 2\epsilon\ \forall n > N$, \par
which can be writen as $|a_n - A| + |B - a_n| < 2\epsilon\ \forall n > N$. \par which can be written as $|a_n - A| + |B - a_n| < 2\epsilon\ \forall n > N$. \par
By the triangle inequality, we have \par By the triangle inequality, we have \par
$|a_n - A + B - a_n| \leq |a_n - A| + |B - a_n|$, \par $|a_n - A + B - a_n| \leq |a_n - A| + |B - a_n|$, \par

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@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ Say have a network: a sequence of pipes, a set of cities and highways, an electr
\vspace{1ex} \vspace{1ex}
We can draw this network as a directed weighted graph. If we take a transporation network, for example, edges will represent highways and nodes will be cities. There are a few conditions for a valid network graph: We can draw this network as a directed weighted graph. If we take a transportation network, for example, edges will represent highways and nodes will be cities. There are a few conditions for a valid network graph:
\begin{itemize} \begin{itemize}
\item The weight of each edge represents its capacity, e.g, the number of lanes in the highway. \item The weight of each edge represents its capacity, e.g, the number of lanes in the highway.

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@ -33,7 +33,7 @@
% Lazy evaluation (alternate Y) % Lazy evaluation (alternate Y)
% Add a few theorems % Add a few theorems
% Better ending -> applications? % Better ending -> applications?
% - nix, comparison to imperitive % - nix, comparison to imperative

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@ -332,7 +332,7 @@ If we look closely, we'll find that $C$ pretends to take three arguments.
\vspace{1mm} \vspace{1mm}
What does $C$ do? Evaluate $(C~a~b~x)$ for arbitary expressions $a, b,$ and $x$. \par What does $C$ do? Evaluate $(C~a~b~x)$ for arbitrary expressions $a, b,$ and $x$. \par
\hint{Evaluate $(C~a)$ first. Remember, function application is left-associative.} \hint{Evaluate $(C~a)$ first. Remember, function application is left-associative.}
\vfill \vfill

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@ -1,6 +1,9 @@
\section{Polya's Orchard Problem} \section{Polya's Orchard Problem}
You are standing in the center of a circular orchard of integer radius $R$. A tree of raduis $r$ has been planted at every integer point in the circle. If $r$ is small, you will have a clear line of sight through the orchard. If $r$ is large, there will be no clear line of sight through in any direction: You are standing in the center of a circular orchard of integer radius $R$.
A tree of radius $r$ has been planted at every integer point in the circle.
If $r$ is small, you will have a clear line of sight through the orchard.
If $r$ is large, there will be no clear line of sight through in any direction:
\begin{center} \begin{center}
\hfill \hfill

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@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ Can you develop geometric intuition for their sum and difference?
\definition{Euclidean Norm} \definition{Euclidean Norm}
A \textit{norm} on $\mathbb{R}^n$ is a map from $\mathbb{R}^n$ to $\mathbb{R}^+_0$ \\ A \textit{norm} on $\mathbb{R}^n$ is a map from $\mathbb{R}^n$ to $\mathbb{R}^+_0$ \\
Usually, one thinks of a norm as a way of mesuring \say{length} in a vector space. \\ Usually, one thinks of a norm as a way of measuring \say{length} in a vector space. \\
The norm of a vector $v$ is written $||v||$. \\ The norm of a vector $v$ is written $||v||$. \\
\vspace{2mm} \vspace{2mm}

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@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ Show that the dot product is
\begin{itemize} \begin{itemize}
\item Commutative \item Commutative
\item Distributive $a \cdot (b + c) = a \cdot b + a \cdot c$ \item Distributive $a \cdot (b + c) = a \cdot b + a \cdot c$
\item Homogenous: $x(a \cdot b) = xa \cdot b = a \cdot xb$ \\ \item Homogeneous: $x(a \cdot b) = xa \cdot b = a \cdot xb$ \\
\note{$x \in \mathbb{R}$, and $a, b$ are vectors.} \note{$x \in \mathbb{R}$, and $a, b$ are vectors.}
\item Positive definite: $a \cdot a \geq 0$, with equality iff $a = 0$ \\ \item Positive definite: $a \cdot a \geq 0$, with equality iff $a = 0$ \\
\note{$a \in \mathbb{R}^n$, and $0$ is the zero vector.} \note{$a \in \mathbb{R}^n$, and $0$ is the zero vector.}

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@ -75,7 +75,7 @@ This is a trick we often use when showing that two quantities are equal.
\problem{} \problem{}
Although $A \iff B$ looks like a single statement, we often need to prove each direction seperately. \par Although $A \iff B$ looks like a single statement, we often need to prove each direction separately. \par
Show that $x \in \mathbb{Z}$ iff $\lfloor x \rfloor = \lceil x \rceil$ Show that $x \in \mathbb{Z}$ iff $\lfloor x \rfloor = \lceil x \rceil$
\begin{solution} \begin{solution}
@ -97,7 +97,7 @@ Show that $x \in \mathbb{Z}$ iff $\lfloor x \rfloor = \lceil x \rceil$
\pagebreak \pagebreak
\problem{} \problem{}
We don't always need to prove each direction of an iff statement seperately. \par We don't always need to prove each direction of an iff statement separately. \par
\begin{itemize}[itemsep = 1mm] \begin{itemize}[itemsep = 1mm]
\item Convince yourself that we can \say{chain} iffs together: \par \item Convince yourself that we can \say{chain} iffs together: \par

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@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
\section{Proofs by Contradiction} \section{Proofs by Contradiction}
\definition{} \definition{}
A very common (and somewhat contraversial) proof technique is A very common proof technique is \textit{proof by contradiction}.
\textit{proof by contradiction}. It works as follows: It works as follows:
\vspace{2mm} \vspace{2mm}
@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ Show that the set of integers has no maximum using a proof by contradiction.
\begin{solution} \begin{solution}
Assume there is a maximal integer $x$. \par Assume there is a maximal integer $x$. \par
$x + 1$ is also an integer. \par $x + 1$ is also an integer. \par
$x + 1$ is larger than $x$, which contradicts our original assumtion! $x + 1$ is larger than $x$, which contradicts our original assumption!
\vspace{2mm} \vspace{2mm}

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@ -229,7 +229,7 @@ For example, see the proof of the statement in \ref{binomsum} on the next page.
\textbf{Solution 2:}\par \textbf{Solution 2:}\par
We could also observe that there are $x - 1$ places to put a \say{bar} in We could also observe that there are $x - 1$ places to put a \say{bar} in
the array of ones. This corresponds to $x - 1$ binary positions, and thus the array of ones. This corresponds to $x - 1$ binary positions, and thus
$2^{x-1}$ ways to seperate our array of $1$s with bars. $2^{x-1}$ ways to separate our array of $1$s with bars.
\linehack{} \linehack{}

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@ -103,7 +103,7 @@ Show that every element of $A$ is in \textit{exactly one} equivalence class\foot
We now have a proper definition of \say{mod $n$:} \par We now have a proper definition of \say{mod $n$:} \par
it is the equivalence relation $a \equiv_n b$, which is usually written as $a \equiv b \pmod{n}$. \par it is the equivalence relation $a \equiv_n b$, which is usually written as $a \equiv b \pmod{n}$. \par
We will use this definition thoughout this handout. We will use this definition throughout this handout.
\note[Note]{ \note[Note]{
This is different than the \say{mod} operator $a ~\%~ b $, This is different than the \say{mod} operator $a ~\%~ b $,

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@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ In the definitions below, let $X$ be the set of nodes in a circuit.
Note that this is different than current and resistance, which aren't functions Note that this is different than current and resistance, which aren't functions
of two arbitrary nodes --- rather, they are functions of \textit{edges} of two arbitrary nodes --- rather, they are functions of \textit{edges}
(i.e, two adjecent nodes). (i.e, two adjacent nodes).
} }
@ -136,7 +136,7 @@ It exists only to create a potential difference between the two nodes.
\end{center} \end{center}
\problem{}<onecurrents> \problem{}<onecurrents>
From the circuit diagram above, we immediatly know that $V(A) = 1$ and $V(B) = 0$. \par From the circuit diagram above, we immediately know that $V(A) = 1$ and $V(B) = 0$. \par
What equations related to the currents out of $x$ and $y$ does Kirchoff's law give us? \par What equations related to the currents out of $x$ and $y$ does Kirchoff's law give us? \par
\hint{Current into $x$ = current out of $x$} \hint{Current into $x$ = current out of $x$}

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@ -168,7 +168,7 @@ Using Ohm's law and Kirchoff's law, calculate the effective resistance $R_{\text
\pagebreak \pagebreak
We can now use effective resistance to simplify complicated circuits. Whenever we see the above constructions We can now use effective resistance to simplify complicated circuits. Whenever we see the above constructions
(resistors in parellel or in series) in a graph, we can replace them with a single resistor of appropriate value. (resistors in parallel or in series) in a graph, we can replace them with a single resistor of appropriate value.
\problem{} \problem{}
@ -243,13 +243,13 @@ If we place $A$ and $B$ at opposing vertices, what is the effective resistance o
and $B$ at \texttt{111...1}. We can divide our cube into $n+1$ layers based on how many ones are in each and $B$ at \texttt{111...1}. We can divide our cube into $n+1$ layers based on how many ones are in each
node's binary string, with the $k^\text{th}$ layer having $k$ ones. By symmetry, all the nodes in each layer node's binary string, with the $k^\text{th}$ layer having $k$ ones. By symmetry, all the nodes in each layer
have the same voltage. This means we can think of the layers as connected in series, with the resistors have the same voltage. This means we can think of the layers as connected in series, with the resistors
inside each layer connected in parellel. inside each layer connected in parallel.
\vspace{2mm} \vspace{2mm}
There are $\binom{n}{k}$ nodes in the $k^\text{th}$ layer. Each node in this layer has $k$ ones, so There are $\binom{n}{k}$ nodes in the $k^\text{th}$ layer. Each node in this layer has $k$ ones, so
there are $n - k$ ways to flip a zero to get to the $(k + 1)^\text{th}$ layer. In total, there are there are $n - k$ ways to flip a zero to get to the $(k + 1)^\text{th}$ layer. In total, there are
$\binom{n}{k}(n - k)$ parellel connections from the $k^\text{th}$ layer to the $(k + 1)^\text{th}$ $\binom{n}{k}(n - k)$ parallel connections from the $k^\text{th}$ layer to the $(k + 1)^\text{th}$
layer, creating an effective resistance of layer, creating an effective resistance of
$$ $$
\frac{1}{\binom{n}{k}(n - k)} \frac{1}{\binom{n}{k}(n - k)}

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@ -197,7 +197,7 @@ There is one more piece on the board, which isn't shown. What color square does
\begin{solution} \begin{solution}
Which piece performed the last capture on a black square? It couldn't have been a white pawn, which haven't moved. Which piece performed the last capture on a black square? It couldn't have been a white pawn, which haven't moved.
It couldn't have been the white king, which is trapped; or the black king, which is restriced to white squares. It couldn't have been the white king, which is trapped; or the black king, which is restricted to white squares.
\vspace{2mm} \vspace{2mm}

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@ -76,7 +76,7 @@ Show that he must be on C7.
The pawn on A6 came from B7 by capturing one piece, and the pawn on B5 came from D7 by capturing two. The pawn on A6 came from B7 by capturing one piece, and the pawn on B5 came from D7 by capturing two.
(Note that this may not be true if we don't assume the pawn on C7 is real.) (Note that this may not be true if we don't assume the pawn on C7 is real.)
We've counted three captures, all on white squares, so the white black-square bishop must have been captured seperately. We've counted three captures, all on white squares, so the white black-square bishop must have been captured separately.
\vspace{2mm} \vspace{2mm}

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@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ This means that the sets $\{1, 2, 3\}$ and $\{3, 2, 1\}$ are identical.
\definition{} \definition{}
A \textit{graph} $G = (N, E)$ consists of two sets: a set of \textit{vertices} $V$, and a set of \textit{edges} $E$. \par A \textit{graph} $G = (N, E)$ consists of two sets: a set of \textit{vertices} $V$, and a set of \textit{edges} $E$. \par
Verticies are simply named \say{points,} and edges are connections between pairs of vertices. \par Vertices are simply named \say{points,} and edges are connections between pairs of vertices. \par
In the graph below, $V = \{a, b, c, d\}$ and $E = \{~ (a,b),~ (a,c),~ (a,d),~ (c,d) ~\}$. In the graph below, $V = \{a, b, c, d\}$ and $E = \{~ (a,b),~ (a,c),~ (a,d),~ (c,d) ~\}$.
\begin{center} \begin{center}

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@ -252,7 +252,7 @@
\problem{} \problem{}
A pharmaceutical study shows that a new drug causes negative side effects in 3 of every 100 patients. A pharmaceutical study shows that a new drug causes negative side effects in 3 of every 100 patients.
To check the number, a researcher chooses 5 random people to survey. To check the number, a researcher chooses 5 random people to survey.
Assuming the study is accurate, what is the probabilty of the following? \\ Assuming the study is accurate, what is the probability of the following? \\
\begin{enumerate} \begin{enumerate}
\item None of the five patients experience side effects. \item None of the five patients experience side effects.

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@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
\begin{document} \begin{document}
\problem{One Hundred and Fourty-Five Doors} \problem{One Hundred and Forty-Five Doors}
A prisoner was thrown into a medieval dungeon with 145 doors. Nine, shown by black bars, are locked, but each one will open if before you reach it you pass through exactly 8 open doors. \\ A prisoner was thrown into a medieval dungeon with 145 doors. Nine, shown by black bars, are locked, but each one will open if before you reach it you pass through exactly 8 open doors. \\
You don't have to go through every open door but you do have to go through every cell and all 9 locked doors. If you enter a cell or go through a door a second time, the doors clang shut, trapping you. \\ You don't have to go through every open door but you do have to go through every cell and all 9 locked doors. If you enter a cell or go through a door a second time, the doors clang shut, trapping you. \\

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@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
\begin{document} \begin{document}
\problem{One Hundred and Fourty-Five Doors} \problem{The Air Parade}
Volodya asked, ``What plane did you fly during the air parade?'' His father sketched a formation of 9 planes. Volodya asked, ``What plane did you fly during the air parade?'' His father sketched a formation of 9 planes.

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@ -151,7 +151,7 @@
\problem{} \problem{}
If you'd like to know more, check out \url{https://regexr.com}. It offers an interative regex prompt, as well as a cheatsheet that explains every other regex token there is. \par If you'd like to know more, check out \url{https://regexr.com}. It offers an interactive regex prompt, as well as a cheatsheet that explains every other regex token there is. \par
You will find a nice set of challenges at \url{https://alf.nu/RegexGolf}. You will find a nice set of challenges at \url{https://alf.nu/RegexGolf}.
I especially encourage you to look into this if you are interested in computer science. I especially encourage you to look into this if you are interested in computer science.
\end{document} \end{document}

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@ -30,7 +30,7 @@
\ifnum #1 > 0 \ifnum #1 > 0
% The $$ are required around \bigstar. % The $$ are required around \bigstar.
% the special \odot chess piece breaks % the special \odot chess piece breaks
% star sizing if they are ommited. % star sizing if they are omitted.
\loop \loop
{\oncolor $\bigstar$}% {\oncolor $\bigstar$}%
\ifnum\count255 < #1 \ifnum\count255 < #1

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@ -578,7 +578,7 @@
\IfNoValueF{#2}{\@customlabel{#2}{#1}} \IfNoValueF{#2}{\@customlabel{#2}{#1}}
} }
% Make a new secion type. % Make a new section type.
% Args: command, counter, title. % Args: command, counter, title.
\newcommand\@newobj[3]{ \newcommand\@newobj[3]{
\NewDocumentCommand{#1}{ m d<> }{ \NewDocumentCommand{#1}{ m d<> }{