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#import "@preview/cetz:0.4.2"
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#import "../macros.typ": *
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= Groups (review)
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= Groups
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#definition()
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Before we continue, we must introduce a bit of notation:
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- $S_n$ is the set of permutations on $n$ objects.
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- $ZZ_n$ is the set of integers mod $n$.
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- $ZZ_n^times$ is the set of integers mod $n$ with multiplicative inverses. \
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In other words, it is the set of integers smaller than $n$ and coprime to $n$.#footnote[We proved this in another handout, but you may take it as fact here.] \
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For example, $ZZ_12^times = {1, 5, 7, 11}$.
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#problem()
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What are the elements of $S_3$? #hint[Use cycle notation] \
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How about $ZZ_17^times$?
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How about $ZZ_8$?
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#v(1fr)
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@ -47,6 +43,16 @@ What is the group with the fewest number of elements?
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Verifying that the trivial group is a group is trivial.
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]
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#definition()
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$ZZ_n^times$ is the set of integers mod $n$ with multiplicative inverses. \
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We can prove that this is the set of integers smaller than $n$ and coprime to $n$. \
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For example, $ZZ_12^times = {1, 5, 7, 11}$.
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#problem()
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What are the elements of $ZZ^times_8$? \
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How about $ZZ^times_23$? #hint[23 is prime.]
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#v(1fr)
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#pagebreak()
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@ -66,8 +72,11 @@ Show that $S_n$ is a group under composition.
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#problem()
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Let $(G, *)$ be a group with finitely many elements, and let $a in G$. \
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Show that there is an $n$ in $in ZZ^+$ so that $a^n = e$ \
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#hint[$a^n = a * a * ... * a$ repeated $n$ times.]
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Show that there is an $n$ in $in ZZ$ so that $a^n = e$ \
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#hint[
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$a^n = a * a * ... * a$ repeated $n$ times. \
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$a^(-n) = a^(-1) * a^(-1) * ... * a^(-1)$, where $a^(-1)$ is the inverse of $a$. \
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]
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#v(2mm)
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@ -111,7 +120,7 @@ Then, find all generators of $(ZZ_5, +)$
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How many groups have only one generator?
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#solution[
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Only one: the trivial group. The inverse of a generator is also a generator!
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Two: the trivial group and $(ZZ_2, +)$.
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]
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#v(1fr)
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