diff --git a/Advanced/Definable Sets/parts/1 structures.tex b/Advanced/Definable Sets/parts/1 structures.tex index 87ec66d..e76492e 100644 --- a/Advanced/Definable Sets/parts/1 structures.tex +++ b/Advanced/Definable Sets/parts/1 structures.tex @@ -55,18 +55,12 @@ If you look at our set of constant symbols, you'll see that the only integers we \vspace{1mm} -Say we want the number 2. We could use the function $+$ to define it: $2 \coloneqq [x \text{ where } 1 + 1 = x]$ \par -We would write this as $2 \coloneqq [x \text{ where } +(1, 1) = x]$ in proper \say{functional} notation. +To \say{define} an element of a set, we need to write a sentence that is only true for that element. For example, if we want to define 2 in the structure above, we could use the sentence $\varphi(x) = [1 + 1 = x]$. \par +Clearly, this is only true when $x = 2$. \problem{} -Can we define $-1$ in $\Bigl( \mathbb{Z} ~\big|~ \{0, 1, +, -, <\} \Bigr)$? If so, how? - -\vfill - -\problem{} -Can we define $-1$ in $\Bigl( \mathbb{Z} ~\big|~ \{0, +, -, <\} \Bigr)$? \par -\hint{In this problem, $1$ has been removed from the set of constant symbols.} +Define $-1$ in $\Bigl( \mathbb{Z} ~\big|~ \{0, 1, +, -, <\} \Bigr)$. \vfill \pagebreak @@ -87,7 +81,13 @@ A formula can contain one or more \textit{free variables.} These are denoted $\v Formulas with free variables let us define \say{properties} that certain objects have. \par For example, $x$ is a free variable in the formula $\varphi(x) = [x > 0]$. \par -$\varphi(3)$ is true and $\varphi(-3)$ is false. +$\varphi(3)$ is true and $\varphi(-3)$ is false. \par + +\vspace{2mm} + +This \say{free variable} notation is much like the function notation you are used to: \par +$\varphi(x) = [x > 0]$ is similar to $f(x) = x + 1$, since the values of $\varphi(x)$ and $f(x)$ depend on $x$. + \definition{Definable Elements} Say $S$ is a structure with a universe $U$. \par @@ -95,7 +95,7 @@ We say an element $e \in U$ is \textit{definable in $S$} if we can write a formu \problem{} -Can we define 2 in the structure $\Bigl( \mathbb{Z^+} ~\big|~ \{4, \times \} \Bigr)$? \par +Define 2 in the structure $\Bigl( \mathbb{Z^+} ~\big|~ \{4, \times \} \Bigr)$. \par \hint{$\mathbb{Z}^+ = \{1, 2, 3, ...\}$. Also, $2 \times 2 = 4$.} \begin{solution} @@ -106,7 +106,8 @@ Can we define 2 in the structure $\Bigl( \mathbb{Z^+} ~\big|~ \{4, \times \} \Bi \problem{} -Try to define 2 in the structure $\Bigl( \mathbb{Z} ~\big|~ \{4, \times \} \Bigr)$. +Try to define 2 in the structure $\Bigl( \mathbb{Z} ~\big|~ \{4, \times \} \Bigr)$. \par +Why can't you do it? \begin{solution} This isn't possible. We could try $\varphi(x) = [x \times x = 4]$, but this is satisfied by both $2$ and $-2$. \par diff --git a/Advanced/Definable Sets/parts/2 quantifiers.tex b/Advanced/Definable Sets/parts/2 quantifiers.tex index a717741..1006a94 100644 --- a/Advanced/Definable Sets/parts/2 quantifiers.tex +++ b/Advanced/Definable Sets/parts/2 quantifiers.tex @@ -60,9 +60,15 @@ Which are true in $\mathbb{R}^+_0$? \par \problem{} Does the order of $\forall$ and $\exists$ in a formula matter? \par -What's the difference between $\exists x ~ \forall y ~ (x < y)$ and $\forall y ~ \exists x ~ (x < y)$? \par +What's the difference between $\exists x ~ \forall y ~ (x \leq y)$ and $\forall y ~ \exists x ~ (x \leq y)$? \par \hint{In $\mathbb{R}^+$, the first is false and the second is true. $\mathbb{R}^+$ does not contain zero.} +\begin{solution} + If $\exists x$ is inside $\forall y$, $x$ depends on $y$. We can have a different value of $x$ for every $y$. \par + If $\exists x$ is outside, $x$ is fixed \textit{before} we check all $y$. +\end{solution} + + \vfill \problem{} diff --git a/Advanced/Definable Sets/parts/3 sets.tex b/Advanced/Definable Sets/parts/3 sets.tex index 7a5b354..bea0e09 100644 --- a/Advanced/Definable Sets/parts/3 sets.tex +++ b/Advanced/Definable Sets/parts/3 sets.tex @@ -102,9 +102,6 @@ You can repharase this question as \say{given $a,b \in \mathbb{Z}$, can you writ Consider the structure $S = ( \mathbb{R} ~|~ \{0, \diamond \} )$ \par The relation $a \diamond b$ holds if $| a - b | = 1$ -\problempart{} -Define 0 in $S$. - \problempart{} Define $\{-1, 1\}$ in $S$.